Culture

Urhobo: A Brief History And Traditions Of Nigeria’s Delta Region

This article delves into the historical background of the Urhobo people, their cultural practices, social structures, and contemporary challenges.

Urhobo people
Urhobo people [PHOTO CREDIT: Daily Post Nigeria]

The Urhobo people, predominantly located in Delta State, Nigeria, are one of the prominent ethnic groups in the Niger Delta region, known for their rich culture, vibrant traditions, and historical depth. The Urhobo community has made substantial contributions to the region’s diversity and cultural heritage. This article delves into the historical background of the Urhobo people, their cultural practices, social structures, and contemporary challenges.

Historical Background

The history of the Urhobo people is intricate and deeply interwoven with the socio-political and economic evolution of the Niger Delta region. Historical evidence suggests that the Urhobo have inhabited their current locations for centuries, primarily along the banks of rivers and lagoons. Scholars like Prof. E. O. Ogbebor suggest that they migrated from eastern Nigeria, establishing themselves in towns such as Effurun, Uvwie, and Warri. Their migration was largely influenced by the availability of fertile land and abundant waterways, supporting their agrarian lifestyle.

Early Urhobo society was primarily organised around family units, with each family engaging in farming and fishing as their main sources of livelihood. The fertile alluvial soil of the Delta region facilitated the cultivation of crops such as yams, cassava, and maize, which were staples in their diet. Fishing was not just a means of sustenance but also a significant aspect of their cultural practices, as waterways were often considered sacred. Over time, the Urhobo established trade routes with neighbouring ethnic groups, including the Itsekiri, Ijaw, and Isoko, leading to economic exchanges that further enriched their cultural tapestry.

Early Settlements

The early settlements of the Urhobo people were characterised by a close-knit community structure, where cooperation and mutual support were essential for survival. Villages were often organised around a central community leader or chief, who played a pivotal role in decision-making and conflict resolution. This form of governance was largely democratic, with community members participating in discussions concerning local issues. The importance of kinship ties in Urhobo society cannot be overstated, as these connections fostered a sense of belonging and solidarity.

Geographical features of the Delta region, including rivers, swamps, and forests, shaped the Urhobo people’s lifestyle. The rivers served as both transportation routes and sources of food, while the surrounding forests provided materials for crafts and building. Dr. Peter A. O. Igbinovia, a local historian, noted that the Urhobo people developed a unique relationship with their environment, viewing it as a living entity deserving of respect and reverence . This symbiotic relationship is reflected in their cultural practices, which emphasize sustainability and stewardship of natural resources.

Colonial Era and Its Impact

The advent of British colonial rule in the late 19th and early 20th centuries brought significant transformations to the lives of the Urhobo people. The imposition of colonial policies disrupted traditional governance structures, introduced taxes, and redefined land ownership. Colonial administrators often favoured certain ethnic groups over others, leading to tensions and conflicts within the diverse communities of the Niger Delta. This favouritism and the resultant marginalisation of the Urhobo contributed to feelings of resentment and discontent among the populace.

The economic landscape of the Urhobo people underwent drastic changes during the colonial era. The introduction of cash crops, such as palm oil and rubber, altered the local economy and intensified competition for resources. Traditional subsistence farming was replaced by cash crop cultivation aimed at export, which prioritized profit over community well-being. In response to these changes, the Urhobo people engaged in various forms of resistance, including protests and revolts. One notable uprising was the Urhobo revolt of 1945, led by local leaders like Chief A. A. B. Ogaga, where the people sought to reclaim their rights and autonomy, signalling their desire for self-determination.

Cultural Practices and Traditions

The culture of the Urhobo people is a vibrant tapestry woven from their historical experiences, spiritual beliefs, and artistic expressions. At the heart of Urhobo culture is their language, which serves as a crucial component of their identity. The Urhobo language, belonging to the Niger-Congo language family, is not merely a tool for communication but a repository of cultural wisdom and history. Efforts to preserve and promote the language are ongoing, as younger generations increasingly gravitate towards English and other dominant languages. Community initiatives, such as language classes led by local educators like Prof. E. O. Ogbebor, aim to revitalise the use of the Urhobo language.

@urhoboroyalemadance

♬ original sound – Urhobo Traditional Ema Dancer

Traditional religious beliefs form another cornerstone of Urhobo culture. The Urhobo people practice a spirituality centred around the belief in a Supreme Being, often referred to as “Oghene.” Alongside this deity, a rich pantheon of lesser gods and ancestral spirits is worshipped, representing various aspects of nature and human life. Rituals and offerings are integral to their spiritual practices, serving as a means of seeking blessings and guidance from the divine. The role of priests and priestesses, such as the respected figure Chief (Mrs.) Roseline O. Otasowie, is crucial in mediating between the spiritual and physical worlds.

Festivals and Celebrations

Urhobo festivals are vibrant celebrations that highlight the community’s cultural heritage and spiritual beliefs. Among the most notable is the Ugbokodo Festival, an annual event dedicated to honouring the gods and ancestors. This festival serves as a platform for the community to come together in a display of unity, showcasing traditional music, dance, and masquerades. The colourful costumes and rhythmic performances during the Ugbokodo Festival not only entertain but also convey deep cultural narratives, preserving the stories of the Urhobo people for future generations.

@mhizsaviour21 🦋🦋Omena🦋🦋 This pageantry was fun sha💯🥰🔥 #traditional #attire #urhobonation #fyppppp #pageant #seetransition❤️ #urhobototheworld🌍♥️ #dresscode #trending #viralvideo ♬ original sound – BIG___PRINCESS💫✨💦

Another significant celebration is the Odogwu Festival, which marks the harvest season. This festival symbolises gratitude for the bountiful harvest and serves to reinforce community bonds. It is during these festivals that the rich culinary traditions of the Urhobo people are on full display, with traditional dishes made from locally sourced ingredients. The celebration of these festivals underscores the Urhobo people’s connection to their land and their commitment to cultural preservation, allowing them to express their identity and values in a contemporary context.

Arts and Crafts

Urhobo arts and crafts are reflections of the community’s creativity and cultural values. Traditional crafts, including weaving, pottery, and carving, are not just economic activities but also forms of artistic expression that convey the community’s beliefs and traditions. The intricate designs and vibrant colours found in Urhobo textiles often depict symbols and motifs that carry historical and spiritual significance. Local artisans, such as Chief (Mrs.) Comfort O. Oghene, are instrumental in preserving these crafts, passing down skills to younger generations.

Urhobo art
Urhobo art [PHOTO CREDIT: Weebly]

The artistic practices of the Urhobo people also extend to storytelling and performance arts, where oral traditions play a vital role in cultural transmission. Folktales, myths, and legends are conveyed through performances that engage audiences and impart moral lessons. These storytelling sessions often take place during community gatherings, reinforcing social ties and cultural identity. The arts serve not only as a means of entertainment but also as a vital tool for preserving the community’s history and values, allowing the Urhobo people to maintain a sense of continuity in a rapidly changing world.

Music and Dance

Music and dance are integral components of Urhobo cultural expression, serving as vital channels for storytelling, celebration, and community bonding. Traditional music often employs a variety of instruments, including drums, gourd rattles, and flutes, each playing a distinct role in the overall soundscape. The rhythms and melodies created during festivals and ceremonies create an atmosphere of joy and unity, allowing community members to engage with their cultural heritage fully. Music in Urhobo society is not just an art form; it is a spiritual experience that fosters a connection with ancestors and the divine.

@samilary_onu White or Black 😜… Ekene my friend can actually dance o 😁 urhobo wadoooo that Igbo urhobo dude #urhobo #urhobonation #igboamaka #igbokwenu #urhobototheworld ♬ original sound – 🥀Lord🥀Moon🥀

Dance is equally significant in Urhobo culture, with various styles reflecting different aspects of life and spirituality. The Ekene Dance, for example, is performed during significant events and serves as an expression of gratitude and celebration. Dancers often wear traditional attire, and their movements are choreographed to tell stories and convey emotions. Through music and dance, the Urhobo people express their cultural identity, foster community solidarity, and celebrate life’s milestones, reinforcing their connection to their heritage and each other.

Social Structure

The social structure of the Urhobo people is organised around extended family units and clans, emphasising communal living and cooperation. Kinship ties are highly valued, forming the backbone of Urhobo society. The community operates on a system of mutual support, where individuals are expected to assist one another in times of need. This communal ethos fosters a strong sense of belonging and loyalty among the Urhobo people, ensuring that traditional values are upheld and passed down through generations.

Leadership within Urhobo communities is often vested in a council of elders, who guide the community in decision-making processes and conflict resolution. This council, composed of respected members from various clans, plays a crucial role in maintaining social harmony and cultural continuity. The Ovie, or traditional ruler, serves as the ceremonial head of the community, embodying the cultural heritage and historical significance of the Urhobo people. The Ovie’s role extends beyond governance; they are seen as custodians of tradition, responsible for overseeing cultural events and ensuring that the community’s customs are preserved.

Gender Roles

In Urhobo society, gender roles are traditionally defined, with distinct responsibilities assigned to men and women. Men are generally viewed as the

primary breadwinners, engaging in farming, fishing, and trade, while women often manage household duties and participate in local markets. However, women in Urhobo culture are also active participants in economic activities, engaging in farming and artisanal crafts. Women’s organisations, such as the Urhobo Women’s Association, play an essential role in advocating for women’s rights and empowerment, challenging traditional gender norms, and promoting equal opportunities within the community.

The changing socio-economic landscape has led to evolving gender dynamics, with increasing numbers of women pursuing education and professional careers. This shift is gradually transforming the perception of women’s roles within Urhobo society, allowing for greater participation in decision-making processes and leadership positions. Female leaders, such as Chief (Mrs.) Ejiro O. Ibru, exemplify the growing recognition of women’s contributions to community development and governance, fostering a more inclusive approach to leadership in Urhobo communities.

Contemporary Challenges

Despite their rich cultural heritage, the Urhobo people face numerous contemporary challenges that threaten their traditional way of life. Rapid urbanization, driven by population growth and economic opportunities, has led to significant changes in the social landscape of Delta State. The migration of young people to urban centres in search of better prospects has resulted in the erosion of traditional values and practices, posing a threat to the preservation of Urhobo culture.

oil spill in uhrobo land
Oil spill in Uhrobo land [PHOTO CREDIT: Friends of the Earth Europe]

Moreover, environmental degradation, particularly due to oil exploration and exploitation in the Niger Delta region, has had devastating effects on the Urhobo people. Oil spills, gas flaring, and pollution have contaminated waterways and farmlands, jeopardising the livelihoods of those who depend on these resources. Activists like Ken Saro-Wiwa have highlighted the adverse effects of environmental degradation, which have sparked conflicts over land and resource ownership, as communities strive to reclaim their rights and protect their environment. The ongoing struggle for environmental justice underscores the urgent need for sustainable practices and equitable resource management in the region.

Preservation of Culture

Efforts to preserve Urhobo culture and traditions in the face of globalisation and modern challenges are ongoing. Community organisations, cultural groups, and educational initiatives are actively working to promote the Urhobo language, arts, and customs among younger generations. Cultural festivals and workshops serve as platforms for cultural exchange and education, fostering a sense of pride in Urhobo heritage. By engaging the youth in cultural activities, these initiatives aim to instill a sense of belonging and appreciation for their roots.

@traditionalweddingng My Urhobo people in the house what does this signify??💃🏼 Mua @beez_glam Gele @powergele Photography @newacemedia Bride @teejaygold_official Dress @kemprechempire Handfan @kayandkaybridals Beads brides mum 😍 #traditionalwedding #igbowedding #igboweddings #deltabride #urhobobride #urhobowedding #urhobowado #asoebibella #bellanaijaweddings #nigerianbride #naijaweddings #nigerianwedding #owambesaturday #saturday #igboamaka #igbobride ♬ original sound – traditionalwedding

Additionally, the integration of modern technology into cultural preservation efforts has proven effective. Digital platforms, such as social media, are being utilised to share Urhobo stories, music, and traditions with a broader audience. This not only raises awareness about Urhobo culture but also allows for the documentation and preservation of cultural practices that may be at risk of fading away. The intersection of tradition and technology presents new opportunities for cultural revitalization, ensuring that the Urhobo identity remains vibrant in an ever-changing world.

Political Representation

Political representation is a significant concern for the Urhobo people as they strive for a more substantial voice in regional governance. The historical marginalisation of the Urhobo community in political processes has led to calls for equitable resource allocation and development initiatives. Advocacy groups and community leaders are working to raise awareness about the socio-economic challenges facing the Urhobo people, pushing for policies that address their needs and priorities.

In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of inclusive governance that considers the voices of all ethnic groups within the Niger Delta. The Urhobo people have actively participated in political movements and alliances aimed at ensuring their representation at local, state, and national levels. Leaders like Olorogun O’Tega Emerhor, a prominent Urhobo politician, have been at the forefront of advocating for the rights and interests of the Urhobo community. By engaging in political discourse and advocating for their rights, the Urhobo community seeks to reclaim their agency and influence in shaping their future.

Conclusion

The Urhobo people embody a rich tapestry of history, culture, and resilience in Nigeria’s Delta region. Their traditions and practices reflect a deep connection to their ancestors and the natural environment. While facing modern challenges such as environmental degradation, urbanization, and the erosion of cultural identity, the Urhobo community continues to celebrate their heritage and strive for cultural preservation and socio-economic development. Understanding the Urhobo’s past and present is essential for appreciating the broader narrative of Nigeria’s diverse ethnic landscape. The ongoing efforts to revitalize their culture and assert their rights highlight the Urhobo people’s strength and determination in navigating the complexities of contemporary society while remaining rooted in their rich traditions.


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